150 Từ Vựng IELTS Writing Chủ Đề Môi Trường (Band 6.5–7.5)

14 tháng 6, 2026

Từ vựng IELTS Writing chủ đề môi trường là nhóm từ bạn bắt buộc phải nắm vững — Environment xuất hiện trong khoảng 15–20% đề thi Task 2 thực tế. Bài viết này tổng hợp 150 từ và cụm từ được phân loại theo 5 nhóm chủ đề, kèm ví dụ câu để bạn hiểu cách dùng đúng ngữ cảnh.

Cách Dùng Danh Sách Này Hiệu Quả

Đừng học thuộc lòng 150 từ một lúc. Thay vào đó:

Học 1 nhóm chủ đề mỗi ngày (30 từ)
Với mỗi từ: đọc ví dụ câu, hiểu nghĩa trong ngữ cảnh
Viết 3–5 câu của riêng bạn dùng từ mới
Dùng những từ này trong bài luyện ngay tuần đó

Nhóm 1: Ô Nhiễm (Pollution) — 30 Từ

Từ/Cụm từ	Nghĩa	Ví dụ câu
air pollution	ô nhiễm không khí	Air pollution in major cities has reached alarming levels.
toxic emissions	khí thải độc hại	Factories release toxic emissions that contaminate nearby rivers.
carbon footprint	dấu chân carbon	Flying frequently significantly increases one’s carbon footprint.
greenhouse gases	khí nhà kính	The burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
particulate matter	bụi mịn	Exposure to particulate matter causes respiratory diseases.
contaminate	làm ô nhiễm	Industrial waste has contaminated groundwater in the region.
pollutant	chất ô nhiễm	Nitrogen dioxide is a major pollutant emitted by vehicles.
smog	khói mù	Dense smog has forced authorities to close schools in Beijing.
wastewater	nước thải	Untreated wastewater is discharged directly into rivers.
landfill	bãi rác	Millions of tonnes of plastic end up in landfills each year.
incineration	đốt rác	Waste incineration produces dioxins that are harmful to health.
littering	xả rác	Heavy fines have been introduced to discourage littering.
plastic waste	rác thải nhựa	Plastic waste takes hundreds of years to decompose.
acid rain	mưa axit	Acid rain damages forests and erodes stone buildings.
noise pollution	ô nhiễm tiếng ồn	Noise pollution from traffic affects sleep quality in urban areas.
soil degradation	suy thoái đất	Intensive farming has led to severe soil degradation.
heavy metals	kim loại nặng	Heavy metals in industrial effluents pose risks to aquatic life.
microplastics	vi nhựa	Microplastics have been found in human blood and breast milk.
sewage	nước thải sinh hoạt	Raw sewage flowing into rivers is a major public health risk.
deforestation	phá rừng	Deforestation releases stored carbon and destroys habitats.
chemical runoff	nước chảy tràn hóa chất	Chemical runoff from farms pollutes downstream water sources.
ozone depletion	suy giảm tầng ozone	CFCs were banned after their role in ozone depletion was proven.
eutrophication	phú dưỡng hóa	Excess fertilisers cause eutrophication, killing aquatic organisms.
radioactive waste	chất thải phóng xạ	Storing radioactive waste safely remains a global challenge.
thermal pollution	ô nhiễm nhiệt	Power plants discharge warm water, causing thermal pollution.
oil spill	tràn dầu	The oil spill devastated marine ecosystems along the coastline.
carbon dioxide (CO₂)	khí carbon dioxide	CO₂ concentrations have exceeded 420 ppm for the first time.
methane	khí metan	Livestock farming is a major source of methane emissions.
nitrogen oxide	oxit nitơ	Nitrogen oxides from car exhausts contribute to smog formation.
pollute	gây ô nhiễm	Factories that pollute rivers should face severe penalties.

Nhóm 2: Biến Đổi Khí Hậu (Climate Change) — 30 Từ

Từ/Cụm từ	Nghĩa	Ví dụ câu
climate change	biến đổi khí hậu	Climate change poses an existential threat to coastal communities.
global warming	nóng lên toàn cầu	Global warming is causing glaciers to melt at unprecedented rates.
rising sea levels	nước biển dâng	Rising sea levels threaten to submerge low-lying Pacific islands.
extreme weather events	hiện tượng thời tiết cực đoan	The frequency of extreme weather events has doubled since 1980.
heatwave	đợt nóng	Prolonged heatwaves are becoming more common in southern Europe.
drought	hạn hán	Severe droughts have devastated agricultural output in East Africa.
flooding	lũ lụt	Coastal flooding is projected to displace millions by 2050.
glacier retreat	sự rút lui của băng hà	Glacier retreat is threatening freshwater supplies in the Himalayas.
permafrost thaw	tan băng vĩnh cửu	Permafrost thaw releases methane, accelerating warming further.
carbon neutral	trung tính carbon	The EU aims to become carbon neutral by 2050.
net zero	phát thải ròng bằng không	Many corporations have pledged to achieve net zero by 2040.
Paris Agreement	Hiệp định Paris	The Paris Agreement committed nations to limit warming to 1.5°C.
fossil fuels	nhiên liệu hóa thạch	Phasing out fossil fuels is essential to meeting climate targets.
renewable energy	năng lượng tái tạo	Investing in renewable energy creates jobs while cutting emissions.
carbon sequestration	hấp thụ carbon	Forests play a vital role in carbon sequestration.
climate refugee	người tị nạn khí hậu	Climate refugees are expected to number in the hundreds of millions.
carbon tax	thuế carbon	A carbon tax incentivises businesses to reduce their emissions.
emissions trading	buôn bán phát thải	Emissions trading schemes put a price on carbon pollution.
tipping point	điểm tới hạn	Scientists warn that several climate tipping points may be close.
albedo effect	hiệu ứng phản xạ	Melting Arctic ice reduces the albedo effect, causing further warming.
geoengineering	địa kỹ thuật	Solar geoengineering proposals remain highly controversial.
climate model	mô hình khí hậu	Climate models predict a 2–4°C rise in average temperatures by 2100.
mitigation	giảm thiểu	Mitigation strategies aim to reduce the causes of climate change.
adaptation	thích nghi	Adaptation measures help communities cope with existing climate impacts.
carbon sink	bể hấp thụ carbon	Oceans absorb about 30% of CO₂ and act as a crucial carbon sink.
decarbonise	khử carbon	The transport sector is one of the hardest to decarbonise.
biodiversity loss	mất đa dạng sinh học	Rapid climate change drives biodiversity loss on an unprecedented scale.
coral bleaching	tẩy trắng san hô	Ocean warming triggers coral bleaching events across the Great Barrier Reef.
feedback loop	vòng phản hồi	Melting permafrost creates a dangerous feedback loop of warming.
climate action	hành động khí hậu	Young people are increasingly demanding bold climate action.

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Nhóm 3: Đa Dạng Sinh Học (Biodiversity) — 30 Từ

Từ/Cụm từ	Nghĩa	Ví dụ câu
biodiversity	đa dạng sinh học	Tropical rainforests harbour extraordinary biodiversity.
endangered species	loài có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng	The Amur leopard is one of the world’s most endangered species.
extinction	tuyệt chủng	Human activity is driving species to extinction at an alarming rate.
habitat destruction	phá hủy môi trường sống	Habitat destruction is the leading cause of species decline.
ecosystem	hệ sinh thái	Wetland ecosystems provide flood control and water purification.
food chain	chuỗi thức ăn	Removing apex predators disrupts the entire food chain.
invasive species	loài xâm lấn	Invasive species outcompete native wildlife for resources.
conservation	bảo tồn	Conservation efforts have helped tiger populations recover slightly.
wildlife corridor	hành lang động vật hoang dã	Wildlife corridors allow animals to migrate between fragmented habitats.
poaching	săn trộm	Illegal poaching has decimated elephant populations across Africa.
overexploitation	khai thác quá mức	Overexploitation of fisheries has led to the collapse of cod stocks.
reforestation	tái trồng rừng	Large-scale reforestation can help restore degraded landscapes.
rewilding	tái hoang dã hóa	Rewilding projects aim to restore natural processes to ecosystems.
keystone species	loài then chốt	Wolves are a keystone species whose presence shapes entire ecosystems.
marine protected area	khu vực biển được bảo vệ	Marine protected areas help depleted fish stocks recover.
gene pool	nguồn gen	Genetic diversity within a gene pool is vital for species survival.
sustainable fishing	đánh bắt bền vững	Sustainable fishing practices can prevent the collapse of fish stocks.
native species	loài bản địa	Planting native species restores habitats more effectively than exotics.
deforestation	phá rừng	Deforestation in the Amazon threatens thousands of unique species.
wetland	vùng đất ngập nước	Wetlands filter pollutants and provide critical habitat for migratory birds.
old-growth forest	rừng nguyên sinh	Old-growth forests store far more carbon than plantation forests.
biomass	sinh khối	Sustainable biomass energy must not come at the cost of forests.
pollinator	loài thụ phấn	Declining pollinator populations threaten global food security.
apex predator	động vật ăn thịt đỉnh cao	The absence of apex predators allows prey populations to surge.
migratory bird	chim di trú	Climate change is disrupting the migration routes of many bird species.
bushmeat	thịt thú rừng	Bushmeat hunting is a major threat to great ape populations.
coral reef	rạn san hô	Coral reefs support 25% of all marine species despite covering less than 1% of the ocean floor.
species richness	độ phong phú loài	The Amazon basin has unparalleled species richness.
monoculture	độc canh	Agricultural monocultures reduce biodiversity and increase pest vulnerability.
symbiosis	cộng sinh	The symbiosis between clownfish and sea anemones illustrates mutual dependence.

Nhóm 4: Giải Pháp (Solutions) — 30 Từ

Từ/Cụm từ	Nghĩa	Ví dụ câu
solar energy	năng lượng mặt trời	Solar energy costs have fallen by 90% in the past decade.
wind power	năng lượng gió	Offshore wind power is becoming increasingly cost-competitive.
electric vehicle (EV)	xe điện	Government subsidies have accelerated the adoption of electric vehicles.
circular economy	kinh tế tuần hoàn	A circular economy minimises waste by reusing and recycling materials.
recycling	tái chế	Mandatory recycling programmes have diverted millions of tonnes from landfill.
composting	ủ phân	Composting organic waste reduces methane emissions from landfills.
green infrastructure	hạ tầng xanh	Urban green infrastructure, such as parks and green roofs, reduces flooding.
sustainable agriculture	nông nghiệp bền vững	Sustainable agriculture techniques preserve soil health for future generations.
carbon offsetting	bù đắp carbon	Critics argue that carbon offsetting allows companies to avoid real reductions.
energy efficiency	hiệu quả năng lượng	Improving energy efficiency in buildings is one of the cheapest climate solutions.
public transport	giao thông công cộng	Investing in public transport reduces both emissions and congestion.
plant-based diet	chế độ ăn thực vật	Adopting a plant-based diet is one of the most impactful individual actions.
zero-waste	không rác thải	Zero-waste initiatives challenge the throwaway culture of modern consumerism.
eco-friendly	thân thiện với môi trường	Consumers are increasingly choosing eco-friendly products.
biofuel	nhiên liệu sinh học	Advanced biofuels made from agricultural waste show commercial promise.
hydropower	thủy điện	Hydropower provides about 16% of global electricity generation.
geothermal energy	địa nhiệt	Iceland generates most of its electricity from geothermal energy.
carbon capture	thu giữ carbon	Carbon capture technology removes CO₂ directly from the atmosphere.
reforestation	tái trồng rừng	Reforestation programmes in China have added millions of hectares of forest.
green bond	trái phiếu xanh	Green bonds finance climate-friendly infrastructure projects.
environmental regulation	quy định môi trường	Stricter environmental regulations have significantly reduced industrial pollution.
clean technology	công nghệ sạch	Investment in clean technology is creating new employment opportunities.
sustainable development	phát triển bền vững	Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations.
water conservation	bảo tồn nước	Water conservation measures are critical in drought-prone regions.
organic farming	canh tác hữu cơ	Organic farming avoids synthetic pesticides that harm pollinators.
green building	tòa nhà xanh	Green buildings reduce energy consumption through passive design.
eco-tourism	du lịch sinh thái	Well-managed eco-tourism provides income for conservation programmes.
phaseout	loại bỏ dần	The phaseout of coal-fired power plants is accelerating globally.
waste reduction	giảm rác thải	Waste reduction at source is preferable to recycling.
environmental impact assessment	đánh giá tác động môi trường	An environmental impact assessment is required before major projects begin.

Nhóm 5: Chính Sách (Policy) — 30 Từ

Từ/Cụm từ	Nghĩa	Ví dụ câu
environmental policy	chính sách môi trường	Effective environmental policy requires cross-sector coordination.
international agreement	hiệp ước quốc tế	The Kyoto Protocol was the first binding international agreement on emissions.
green subsidy	trợ cấp xanh	Green subsidies have helped make solar power financially viable.
polluter pays principle	nguyên tắc người gây ô nhiễm trả tiền	The polluter pays principle assigns responsibility to those who cause damage.
environmental law	luật môi trường	Weak environmental laws have allowed illegal logging to flourish.
carbon pricing	định giá carbon	Carbon pricing is one of the most efficient tools for reducing emissions.
sustainability target	mục tiêu bền vững	Many corporations now publish annual sustainability targets.
extended producer responsibility	trách nhiệm mở rộng của nhà sản xuất	Extended producer responsibility makes companies manage their product waste.
single-use plastic ban	lệnh cấm nhựa dùng một lần	The EU’s single-use plastic ban has reduced beach litter significantly.
green new deal	thỏa thuận xanh mới	A green new deal would link climate action to job creation.
biodiversity offset	bù đắp đa dạng sinh học	Biodiversity offsets require developers to compensate for habitat damage.
environmental impact	tác động môi trường	The environmental impact of large infrastructure projects must be assessed.
ecological footprint	dấu chân sinh thái	Nations vary enormously in their per capita ecological footprint.
natural capital	vốn tự nhiên	Economists argue that natural capital must be included in national accounting.
precautionary principle	nguyên tắc phòng ngừa	The precautionary principle supports action even when scientific certainty is lacking.
planetary boundaries	ranh giới hành tinh	Scientists have identified nine planetary boundaries for a safe operating space.
multilateral agreement	hiệp định đa phương	Addressing ocean plastic requires a binding multilateral agreement.
green economy	kinh tế xanh	Transitioning to a green economy requires substantial public investment.
corporate social responsibility	trách nhiệm xã hội doanh nghiệp	Corporate social responsibility increasingly includes environmental commitments.
just transition	chuyển đổi công bằng	A just transition ensures fossil fuel workers are not left behind.
climate finance	tài chính khí hậu	Developed nations pledged $100 billion per year in climate finance.
environmental governance	quản trị môi trường	Poor environmental governance allows industries to evade accountability.
ecosystem services	dịch vụ hệ sinh thái	Ecosystem services such as clean water and pollination have measurable economic value.
sustainability reporting	báo cáo bền vững	Mandatory sustainability reporting helps investors assess climate risks.
decarbonisation pathway	lộ trình khử carbon	Each country must develop its own decarbonisation pathway.
green public procurement	mua sắm công xanh	Green public procurement directs government spending toward sustainable products.
national determined contribution (NDC)	đóng góp do quốc gia tự quyết định	Countries must update their NDCs every five years under the Paris Agreement.
climate litigation	kiện tụng khí hậu	Climate litigation against major oil companies is increasing globally.
environmental justice	công bằng môi trường	Environmental justice ensures that no community bears a disproportionate pollution burden.
deforestation moratorium	tạm dừng phá rừng	Several commodity companies have pledged a deforestation moratorium.

Cách Dùng Từ Vựng Này Để Đạt Band 7

Biết từ chưa đủ — biết dùng đúng ngữ cảnh mới tính. Một số nguyên tắc:

Collocations quan trọng hơn từ đơn: Đừng chỉ học pollution — học reduce pollution, tackle pollution, exacerbate pollution
Paraphrase đề bài: Nếu đề dùng environment, trong bài dùng ecosystem, natural world, the planet
Học theo nhóm chủ đề: Khi viết về biến đổi khí hậu, bạn sẽ dùng từ của nhóm 2 — không cần nhớ hết 150 từ một lúc
Dùng 1–2 từ khó đúng cách tốt hơn dùng 5 từ sai: a circular economy minimises waste (đúng) > the economy which is circular helps to minimise the problem of waste (dài dòng)